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Sources and licences

Which countries are included

Atlas Play has 193 flags: 191 of the 193 member states of the United Nations, as listed on the UN member states page, and the two non-member observer states, the Holy See (shown as Vatican City) and the State of Palestine (checked 2026-10-21). The first 60, the starter packs, launched on 18 October 2026; the rest were added on 21 October 2026.

Left out of the flag quiz: Afghanistan. Two different flags are in use: the white flag of the current administration inside the country and the black, red and green tricolour at many embassies and international bodies. A one-answer flag question would have to pick a side, so the flag is left out; Afghanistan stays in Capitals and Outlines. Honduras. Honduras’ flag law (Decree 29 of 1949) describes turquoise blue, but navy blue flags returned to official use in 2026 without a new rule, and no single official screen colour could be confirmed. The flag is left out until one shade is settled; Honduras stays in Capitals and Outlines.

Packs are teaching groups, chosen for a mix of well-known and look-alike flags. The six starter packs hold the 60 best-known flags; the explorer packs hold the rest by region. They are not official regional classifications: the boundary between regions (for example where the Caribbean, the Caucasus or Central America belongs) is a teaching choice, not a political statement. Look-alike packs regroup flags from every region that are easy to mix up.

Dependent territories (for example Greenland or Puerto Rico) and states with limited recognition are not included. That is a scope choice, not a political position; any later addition will be listed here with its source.

Names

The quiz uses common English short names. Each country page also shows the UN member state name (from the page above) and the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code with its English short name, read from a secondary copy of the ISO code table on 2026-10-18; the ISO Online Browsing Platform itself could not be reached when this was checked.

Flag designs

The artwork comes from flag-icons 7.6.0 by Panayiotis Lipiridis and contributors (npm package, published 2026-10-15, git 6d6982dc20), under the MIT licence. The files are stored and served on this site, never from a CDN. Before publishing, each SVG was sanitised offline (comments and identifying ids removed, an allow-list check for scripts, event handlers and external references) without changing its drawing.

A library licence doesn’t prove a design is right, so every flag was compared with a reference description of the national flag (the infobox of the English Wikipedia article “Flag of …”, which summarises the national flag law; a secondary source, not the law itself), checked by Claude, the AI build agent that made this site: the first 60 on 18 October 2026, the others on 21 October 2026, side by side with the article’s own picture, with the article revision recorded. South Sudan is the one drawing changed from the library. The triangle is drawn light sky blue (the library has royal blue) and the yellow star upright (the library points it at the hoist), as South Sudan’s 2021 Governors’ Forum resolution and the 2023 notice of its media authority ask; the exact shade on screen is our approximation, not an official colour value (sources: 1, 2, 3). No human editorial review has been recorded yet. Flags are drawn at a common 4:3 shape on a stamp-style card, so they are educational illustrations rather than official-proportion drawings.

Look-alikes

Flags that look alike but stay distinguishable are paired on purpose as answer choices, 237 pairs in all, each with a note on how to tell them apart. Pairs that are practically the same picture at the 4:3 card size are both in the quiz but are never asked in the same question: Chad and Romania (practically the same picture (Chad’s blue is a shade darker).); Indonesia and Monaco (practically the same picture at the 4:3 card shape.); Andorra and Moldova (too alike at quiz size.).

Every record

CountryPackISOUN nameShown versionDesign referenceChecked
NetherlandsEuropeNLNetherlands (Kingdom of the)National flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
BelgiumEuropeBEBelgiumNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 13:15.reference2026-10-18
FranceEuropeFRFranceNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
GermanyEuropeDEGermanyNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-18
ItalyEuropeITItalyNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
SpainEuropeESSpainShown with the coat of arms, as on the national flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
PortugalEuropePTPortugalNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
United KingdomEuropeGBUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
IrelandEuropeIEIrelandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
SwedenEuropeSESwedenNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 5:8.reference2026-10-18
South AfricaAfricaZASouth AfricaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
KenyaAfricaKEKenyaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
TanzaniaAfricaTZUnited Republic of TanzaniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
UgandaAfricaUGUgandaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
GhanaAfricaGHGhanaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
NigeriaAfricaNGNigeriaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
MoroccoAfricaMAMoroccoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
TunisiaAfricaTNTunisiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
BotswanaAfricaBWBotswanaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
ZambiaAfricaZMZambiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
JapanAsiaJPJapanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
South KoreaAsiaKRRepublic of KoreaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
ChinaAsiaCNChinaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
IndiaAsiaINIndiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
ThailandAsiaTHThailandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
VietnamAsiaVNViet NamNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
MalaysiaAsiaMYMalaysiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
SingaporeAsiaSGSingaporeNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
IndonesiaAsiaIDIndonesiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
BangladeshAsiaBDBangladeshNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-18
CanadaNorth America and the CaribbeanCACanadaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
United StatesNorth America and the CaribbeanUSUnited States of AmericaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 10:19.reference2026-10-18
MexicoNorth America and the CaribbeanMXMexicoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 4:7.reference2026-10-18
GuatemalaNorth America and the CaribbeanGTGuatemalaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 5:8.reference2026-10-18
Costa RicaNorth America and the CaribbeanCRCosta RicaShown as the civil flag; the state flag adds the coat of arms on a white oval. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-18
PanamaNorth America and the CaribbeanPAPanamaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
CubaNorth America and the CaribbeanCUCubaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
JamaicaNorth America and the CaribbeanJMJamaicaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
BahamasNorth America and the CaribbeanBSBahamas (The)National flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
BarbadosNorth America and the CaribbeanBBBarbadosNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
ArgentinaSouth AmericaARArgentinaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 5:8.reference2026-10-18
BoliviaSouth AmericaBOBolivia (Plurinational State of)Shown as the state flag with the coat of arms; the civil flag is the plain red, yellow and green bands. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 15:22.reference2026-10-18
BrazilSouth AmericaBRBrazilNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 7:10.reference2026-10-18
ChileSouth AmericaCLChileNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
ColombiaSouth AmericaCOColombiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
EcuadorSouth AmericaECEcuadorNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
GuyanaSouth AmericaGYGuyanaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-18
ParaguaySouth AmericaPYParaguayShown from the front (obverse); the reverse carries a different seal. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 11:20.reference2026-10-18
PeruSouth AmericaPEPeruShown as the civil flag; the state flag adds the coat of arms on the white. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
UruguaySouth AmericaUYUruguayNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-18
AustraliaOceaniaAUAustraliaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
New ZealandOceaniaNZNew ZealandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
FijiOceaniaFJFijiNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
Papua New GuineaOceaniaPGPapua New GuineaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:4.reference2026-10-18
SamoaOceaniaWSSamoaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
TongaOceaniaTOTongaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
VanuatuOceaniaVUVanuatuNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 19:36.reference2026-10-18
Solomon IslandsOceaniaSBSolomon IslandsNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
KiribatiOceaniaKIKiribatiNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
TuvaluOceaniaTVTuvaluNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-18
DenmarkNorthern and Eastern EuropeDKDenmarkNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 28:37 national 56:107 royal.reference2026-10-21
FinlandNorthern and Eastern EuropeFIFinlandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 11:18.reference2026-10-21
IcelandNorthern and Eastern EuropeISIcelandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 18:25.reference2026-10-21
NorwayNorthern and Eastern EuropeNONorwayNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 8:11.reference2026-10-21
EstoniaNorthern and Eastern EuropeEEEstoniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 7:11.reference2026-10-21
LatviaNorthern and Eastern EuropeLVLatviaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
LithuaniaNorthern and Eastern EuropeLTLithuaniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
BelarusNorthern and Eastern EuropeBYBelarusNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
UkraineNorthern and Eastern EuropeUAUkraineNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
RussiaNorthern and Eastern EuropeRURussian FederationNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
MoldovaNorthern and Eastern EuropeMDRepublic of MoldovaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
AustriaCentral Europe and the small statesATAustriaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
SwitzerlandCentral Europe and the small statesCHSwitzerlandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:1.reference2026-10-21
LiechtensteinCentral Europe and the small statesLILiechtensteinNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
LuxembourgCentral Europe and the small statesLULuxembourgNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
CzechiaCentral Europe and the small statesCZCzechiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
SlovakiaCentral Europe and the small statesSKSlovakiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
HungaryCentral Europe and the small statesHUHungaryNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
SloveniaCentral Europe and the small statesSISloveniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
PolandCentral Europe and the small statesPLPolandNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 5:8.reference2026-10-21
MonacoCentral Europe and the small statesMCMonacoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 4:5.reference2026-10-21
San MarinoCentral Europe and the small statesSMSan MarinoShown as the state flag with the coat of arms; the civil flag is plain white over light blue. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:4.reference2026-10-21
Vatican CityCentral Europe and the small statesVAHoly See (observer)National flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:1.reference2026-10-21
AndorraCentral Europe and the small statesADAndorraShown with the coat of arms (the national and state flag); a plain blue, yellow and red version is also used. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 7:10.reference2026-10-21
AlbaniaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanALAlbaniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 5:7.reference2026-10-21
Bosnia and HerzegovinaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanBABosnia and HerzegovinaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
BulgariaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanBGBulgariaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
CroatiaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanHRCroatiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
CyprusSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanCYCyprusNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
GreeceSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanGRGreeceNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
MontenegroSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanMEMontenegroNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
North MacedoniaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanMKNorth MacedoniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
RomaniaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanRORomaniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
SerbiaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanRSSerbiaShown as the state flag with the coat of arms; the civil flag is the plain red, blue and white bands. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
MaltaSouth-Eastern Europe and the MediterraneanMTMaltaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
BeninWest AfricaBJBeninNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Burkina FasoWest AfricaBFBurkina FasoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Cabo VerdeWest AfricaCVCabo VerdeNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Côte d’IvoireWest AfricaCICôte D’IvoireNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
GambiaWest AfricaGMGambia (Republic of The)National flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
GuineaWest AfricaGNGuineaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Guinea-BissauWest AfricaGWGuinea BissauNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
LiberiaWest AfricaLRLiberiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 10:19.reference2026-10-21
MaliWest AfricaMLMaliNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
NigerWest AfricaNENigerNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 6:7, by convention.reference2026-10-21
SenegalWest AfricaSNSenegalNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Sierra LeoneWest AfricaSLSierra LeoneNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
TogoWest AfricaTGTogoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference gives 3:5 (2:3 and the golden ratio are also used).reference2026-10-21
AlgeriaNorth and East AfricaDZAlgeriaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
EgyptNorth and East AfricaEGEgyptNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
LibyaNorth and East AfricaLYLibyaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
MauritaniaNorth and East AfricaMRMauritaniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
SudanNorth and East AfricaSDSudanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
South SudanNorth and East AfricaSSSouth SudanNational flag (light blue triangle, upright star). Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
EritreaNorth and East AfricaEREritreaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
EthiopiaNorth and East AfricaETEthiopiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
DjiboutiNorth and East AfricaDJDjiboutiNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
SomaliaNorth and East AfricaSOSomaliaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
ComorosNorth and East AfricaKMComorosNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
CameroonCentral AfricaCMCameroonNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Central African RepublicCentral AfricaCFCentral African RepublicNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
ChadCentral AfricaTDChadNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Republic of the CongoCentral AfricaCGCongoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
DR CongoCentral AfricaCDDemocratic Republic of the CongoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:4.reference2026-10-21
Equatorial GuineaCentral AfricaGQEquatorial GuineaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
GabonCentral AfricaGAGabonNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:4.reference2026-10-21
São Tomé and PríncipeCentral AfricaSTSao Tome and PrincipeNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
RwandaCentral AfricaRWRwandaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
BurundiCentral AfricaBIBurundiNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
AngolaSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanAOAngolaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
LesothoSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanLSLesothoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
MalawiSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanMWMalawiNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
MozambiqueSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanMZMozambiqueNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
NamibiaSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanNANamibiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
EswatiniSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanSZEswatiniNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
ZimbabweSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanZWZimbabweNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
MadagascarSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanMGMadagascarNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
MauritiusSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanMUMauritiusNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
SeychellesSouthern Africa and the Indian OceanSCSeychellesNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
BahrainThe Middle EastBHBahrainNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
QatarThe Middle EastQAQatarNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 11:28.reference2026-10-21
IraqThe Middle EastIQIraqNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference gives 2:3, not fixed by law.reference2026-10-21
IsraelThe Middle EastILIsraelNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 8:11.reference2026-10-21
JordanThe Middle EastJOJordanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
KuwaitThe Middle EastKWKuwaitNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
LebanonThe Middle EastLBLebanonNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
OmanThe Middle EastOMOmanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 4:7.reference2026-10-21
Saudi ArabiaThe Middle EastSASaudi ArabiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
SyriaThe Middle EastSYSyrian Arab RepublicNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
United Arab EmiratesThe Middle EastAEUnited Arab EmiratesNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
YemenThe Middle EastYEYemenNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
PalestineThe Middle EastPSState of Palestine (observer)National flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
TürkiyeThe Middle EastTRTürkiyeNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
ArmeniaCentral and South AsiaAMArmeniaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
AzerbaijanCentral and South AsiaAZAzerbaijanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
GeorgiaCentral and South AsiaGEGeorgiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
KazakhstanCentral and South AsiaKZKazakhstanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
KyrgyzstanCentral and South AsiaKGKyrgyzstanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
TajikistanCentral and South AsiaTJTajikistanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
TurkmenistanCentral and South AsiaTMTurkmenistanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
UzbekistanCentral and South AsiaUZUzbekistanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
IranCentral and South AsiaIRIran (Islamic Republic of)National flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion in law is 4:7.reference2026-10-21
PakistanCentral and South AsiaPKPakistanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
BhutanCentral and South AsiaBTBhutanNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
NepalCentral and South AsiaNPNepalNational flag. Shown inside a 4:3 card; the real flag is not a rectangle but two stacked pennants.reference2026-10-21
Sri LankaCentral and South AsiaLKSri LankaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
MaldivesCentral and South AsiaMVMaldivesNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
BruneiEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificBNBrunei DarussalamNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
CambodiaEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificKHCambodiaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the flag is most often made at 2:3 (the picture in its flag law is 16:25).reference2026-10-21
LaosEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificLALao People’s Democratic RepublicNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
MyanmarEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificMMMyanmarNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
PhilippinesEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificPHPhilippinesNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
Timor-LesteEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificTLTimor-LesteNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
North KoreaEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificKPDemocratic People’s Republic of KoreaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 20:33.reference2026-10-21
MongoliaEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificMNMongoliaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
Marshall IslandsEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificMHMarshall IslandsNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 10:19.reference2026-10-21
MicronesiaEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificFMMicronesia (Federated States of)National flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 10:19.reference2026-10-21
NauruEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificNRNauruNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
PalauEast and South-East Asia and the North PacificPWPalauNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 5:8.reference2026-10-21
Antigua and BarbudaThe Caribbean and Central AmericaAGAntigua and BarbudaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
BelizeThe Caribbean and Central AmericaBZBelizeNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
DominicaThe Caribbean and Central AmericaDMDominicaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
Dominican RepublicThe Caribbean and Central AmericaDODominican RepublicNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
El SalvadorThe Caribbean and Central AmericaSVEl SalvadorShown with the coat of arms (the state flag); the civil flag has a motto in its place. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 189:335.reference2026-10-21
GrenadaThe Caribbean and Central AmericaGDGrenadaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
HaitiThe Caribbean and Central AmericaHTHaitiShown as the state flag with the coat of arms; the civil flag is plain blue over red. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
NicaraguaThe Caribbean and Central AmericaNINicaraguaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
Saint Kitts and NevisThe Caribbean and Central AmericaKNSaint Kitts and NevisNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Saint LuciaThe Caribbean and Central AmericaLCSaint LuciaNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 1:2.reference2026-10-21
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesThe Caribbean and Central AmericaVCSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
Trinidad and TobagoThe Caribbean and Central AmericaTTTrinidad and TobagoNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 3:5.reference2026-10-21
SurinameThe Caribbean and Central AmericaSRSurinameNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21
VenezuelaThe Caribbean and Central AmericaVEVenezuela, Bolivarian Republic ofNational flag. Shown at 4:3; the reference proportion is 2:3.reference2026-10-21

Stamp Desk

177 postage stamps from 42 issuers. Each one is a scan from Wikimedia Commons that we use only under a recorded public-domain rule; the file’s own Commons licence template must also be a public-domain one. Facts on each stamp were checked against two sources. The 117 stamps added on 22 October 2026 were researched by Codex, an AI research agent, from two independent catalogue, museum or postal sources each; our server fetched the cited pages again to confirm the quoted facts, and where a site refused automated access the research reading is recorded instead. This is a research record, not legal advice. A second check of these rights by a person is planned; if any stamp turns out not to be free to use, we will remove it. The scans were cropped and cleaned in the same way (scanner background removed, scaled to fit 640 pixels) and are shown at screen size as learning illustrations, not as valid postage.

The rules

StampIssuerYearRuleCommons fileLicence on CommonsChecked
gb-1840-penny-blackUnited Kingdom1840uk-crown-50filePD-UKGov2026-10-19
gb-1864-penny-redUnited Kingdom1864uk-crown-50filePD-UKGov, PD-old2026-10-19
gb-1913-seahorseUnited Kingdom1913life70filePD-UKGov2026-10-19
gb-1924-wembleyUnited Kingdom1924life70filePD-UKGov2026-10-19
gb-1929-postal-unionUnited Kingdom1929life70filePD-UKGov2026-10-19
ie-1922-overprintProvisional Government of Ireland1922life70filePD-UKGov2026-10-19
us-1847-franklinUnited States1847us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-19
us-1869-locomotiveUnited States1869us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-19
us-1893-columbusUnited States1893us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-19
fr-1849-ceresFrench Republic1849life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
fr-1876-sageFrench Republic1876life70filePD-art2026-10-19
fr-1903-sowerFrench Republic1903life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
fr-1900-mersonFrench Republic1900life70filePD-old2026-10-19
ch-1907-tells-sonSwiss Confederation1907life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
ch-1908-helvetiaSwiss Confederation1908life70filePD-Switzerland-official, PD-old-702026-10-19
ch-1907-tells-son-3Swiss Confederation1907life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
se-1855-armsKingdom of Sweden1855life70filePD-old2026-10-19
se-1855-treskilling-yellowKingdom of Sweden1855life70filePD-old-auto-19232026-10-19
no-1855-lionKingdom of Norway1855life70filePD-Art2026-10-19
no-1872-posthornKingdom of Norway1872life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
no-1877-posthornKingdom of Norway1877life70filePd-old-1002026-10-19
dk-1851-crownKingdom of Denmark1851life70filePD-art-two-auto2026-10-19
dk-1870-numeralKingdom of Denmark1870life70filePD-Denmark, PD-old-1002026-10-19
dk-1902-armsKingdom of Denmark1902life70filePD-Denmark, PD-old-702026-10-19
dk-1920-reunionKingdom of Denmark1920life70filePD-Denmark, PD-old2026-10-19
is-1907-two-kingsIceland (under the Danish crown)1907life70fileIcelandic stamp, PD-Denmark2026-10-19
fi-1856-armsGrand Duchy of Finland (Russian Empire)1856life70filePD-RU-exempt2026-10-19
fi-1856-arms-10Grand Duchy of Finland (Russian Empire)1856life70filePD-FinlandStamp2026-10-19
fi-1917-lion-5Finland1917life70filePD-FinlandStamp2026-10-19
fi-1917-lion-40Finland1917life70filePD-FinlandStamp2026-10-19
nl-1852-williamKingdom of the Netherlands1852life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
nl-1899-numeralKingdom of the Netherlands1899life70filePD-US, PD-old-1002026-10-19
nl-1913-jubileeKingdom of the Netherlands1913life70filePD-old-19232026-10-19
nl-1923-jubileeKingdom of the Netherlands1923life70filePD-old-702026-10-19
pl-1919-overprintRepublic of Poland1919life70filePD-old-auto-1923, PD-trivial2026-10-19
cs-1918-hradcany-25Czechoslovak Republic1918life70filePD-old2026-10-19
cs-1918-hradcany-100Czechoslovak Republic1918life70filePD-old2026-10-19
at-1850-armsAustrian Empire1850life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
at-1910-birthdayAustria (Austria-Hungary)1910life70filePD-old-auto-expired2026-10-19
de-1900-reichspostGerman Empire1900life70filePD-old-auto-19232026-10-19
de-1916-germaniaGerman Empire1916life70filePD-old-auto-19232026-10-19
gr-1861-hermes-20Kingdom of Greece1861life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
gr-1861-hermes-10Kingdom of Greece1861life70filePD-old-1002026-10-19
gr-1896-olympicsKingdom of Greece1896life70filePD-old-702026-10-19
ru-1857-armsRussian Empire1857ru-state-signfilePD-RusEmpire2026-10-19
ru-1909-armsRussian Empire1909ru-state-signfilePD-RusEmpire2026-10-19
ru-1913-romanovRussian Empire1913ru-state-signfilePD-RusEmpire2026-10-19
su-1937-pushkinSoviet Union1937ru-state-signfilePD-RU-exempt2026-10-19
su-1957-sputnikSoviet Union1957ru-state-signfilePD-RU-exempt2026-10-19
ua-1918-tridentUkrainian People’s Republic1918life70filePD-UA-exempt, PD-old-100-expired2026-10-19
ua-1918-50-shahivUkrainian People’s Republic1918life70filePD-UA-exempt, PD-old-100-expired2026-10-19
lv-1918-armsRepublic of Latvia1918life70filePD-old2026-10-19
jp-1888-kobanEmpire of Japan1888life70filePD-1923, PD-Japan-organization2026-10-19
jp-1937-riceEmpire of Japan1937jp-org-70filePD-1996, PD-Japan-organization2026-10-19
bi-1854-half-annaBritish India (East India Company)1854in-gov-60filePD-old2026-10-19
bi-1931-new-delhiBritish India1931in-gov-60filePD-India2026-10-19
in-1947-lionsDominion of India1947in-gov-60fileGODL-India2026-10-19
in-1947-flagDominion of India1947in-gov-60fileGODL-India2026-10-19
ca-1851-beaverProvince of Canada1851life70filePD-Canada-stamp2026-10-19
au-1913-kangarooCommonwealth of Australia1913life70filePD-Australia2026-10-19
at-1908-jubileeAustria (Austria-Hungary)1908life70filePD-self2026-10-22
bi-1854-four-annasBritish India (East India Company)1854in-gov-60filePD-old-100-expired2026-10-22
ca-1897-jubileeDominion of Canada1897ca-crown-50filePD-Canada-stamp2026-10-22
fr-1902-mouchonFrance1902life70filePD-art2026-10-22
jp-1871-dragonJapan1871jp-org-70filePD-Japan-organization, PD-19232026-10-22
mc-1885-charles-iiiMonaco1885life70filePD-old-1002026-10-22
pt-1882-luisPortugal1882life70filePD-old-1002026-10-22
us-1863-black-jackUnited States1863us-pre1931filePD-USGov, PD-scan2026-10-22
us-1901-lake-steamerUnited States1901us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1918-jennyUnited States1918us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1923-hardingUnited States1923us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
nz-1898-lake-taupoNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1898-pembroke-peakNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1898-huiaNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-1923, PD-NZ2026-10-22
nz-1898-white-terraceNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1898-otira-gorgeNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1898-kiwiNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1898-war-canoeNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1898-pink-terraceNew Zealand1898nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
mu-1847-post-officeMauritius (British colony)1847life70filePD-old-100, PD-UKGov2026-10-22
ca-1898-mapDominion of Canada1898ca-crown-50filePD-Canada-stamp2026-10-22
ca-1908-cartierDominion of Canada1908ca-crown-50filePD-Canada-stamp, PD-19962026-10-22
ca-1908-habitationDominion of Canada1908ca-crown-50filePD-Canada-stamp, PD-19962026-10-22
ca-1929-bluenoseDominion of Canada1929ca-crown-50filePD-Canada-stamp2026-10-22
th-1883-solotKingdom of Siam1883life70filePD-old2026-10-22
be-1849-epaulettes-10Belgium1849life70filePD-old-1002026-10-22
be-1849-epaulettes-20Belgium1849life70filePD-old-1002026-10-22
nz-1882-sideface-1dNew Zealand1882nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1882-sideface-2dNew Zealand1882nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1882-sideface-6dNew Zealand1882nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1882-sideface-8dNew Zealand1882nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
nz-1882-sideface-1sNew Zealand1882nz-crown-100filePD-NZ-100-years2026-10-22
us-1898-marquetteUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1898-farmingUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1898-buffalo-huntUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1898-fremontUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-US-no notice, PD-retouched-user2026-10-22
us-1898-troopsUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1898-emigrationUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1898-prospectorUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1898-cattleUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1898-bridgeUnited States1898us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1901-express-trainUnited States1901us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1901-automobileUnited States1901us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1901-niagaraUnited States1901us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1901-canal-locksUnited States1901us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1901-ocean-linerUnited States1901us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1907-jamestownUnited States1907us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
us-1907-pocahontasUnited States1907us-pre1931filePD-USGov2026-10-22
au-1913-kangaroo-halfCommonwealth of Australia1913au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old-802026-10-22
au-1913-kangaroo-4dCommonwealth of Australia1913au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old-802026-10-22
au-1913-kangaroo-5dCommonwealth of Australia1913au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old-802026-10-22
au-1913-kangaroo-9dCommonwealth of Australia1913au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old-802026-10-22
au-1913-kangaroo-2-poundsCommonwealth of Australia1913au-crown-50filePD-Australia2026-10-22
au-1914-george-vCommonwealth of Australia1914au-crown-50filePD-Australia2026-10-22
jp-1872-ten-senJapan1872jp-org-70filePD-Japan-organization, PD-19232026-10-22
ts-1855-chalonVan Diemen’s Land (British colony, renamed Tasmania in 1856)1855au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old-1002026-10-22
ts-1870-sidefaceTasmania (British colony)1870au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old-1002026-10-22
ts-1891-halfpennyTasmania (British colony)1891au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old-1002026-10-22
nw-1850-sydney-1dNew South Wales (British colony)1850au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old2026-10-22
nw-1850-sydney-3dNew South Wales (British colony)1850au-crown-50filePD-Australia, PD-old2026-10-22
gr-1896-chariotGreece1896life70filePD-old-702026-10-22
gr-1896-hermesGreece1896life70filePD-art|PD-old-auto-expired2026-10-22
gr-1896-nikeGreece1896life70filePD-art|PD-old-auto-expired2026-10-22
gr-1896-amphoraGreece1896life70filePD-art|PD-old-auto-expired2026-10-22
gr-1896-wrestlersGreece1896life70filePD-art|PD-old-auto-expired2026-10-22
at-1910-schonbrunnAustria (Austria-Hungary)1910life70filePD-US2026-10-22
at-1910-charles-viAustria (Austria-Hungary)1910life70fileLicensed-PD-Art|PD-old-auto-1923, cc-zero2026-10-22
at-1910-joseph-iiAustria (Austria-Hungary)1910life70fileLicensed-PD-Art-two|PD-old-auto-1923, cc-zero2026-10-22
at-1910-franz-joseph-25Austria (Austria-Hungary)1910life70fileLicensed-PD-Art|PD-old-auto-1923, cc-zero2026-10-22
at-1908-franz-joseph-30Austria (Austria-Hungary)1908life70filePD-old2026-10-22
it-1863-1-centesimoKingdom of Italy1863life70filePD-Italy, PD-old-1002026-10-22
it-1863-5-centesimiKingdom of Italy1863life70filePD-Italy, PD-old-1002026-10-22
it-1863-10-centesimiKingdom of Italy1863life70filePD-Italy, PD-old-1002026-10-22
it-1863-30-centesimiKingdom of Italy1863life70filePD-Italy, PD-old-1002026-10-22
it-1863-40-centesimiKingdom of Italy1863life70filePD-Italy, PD-old-1002026-10-22
es-1850-6-cuartosSpain1850es-life80filePD-old2026-10-22
es-1850-12-cuartosSpain1850es-life80filePD-old2026-10-22
es-1850-6-realesSpain1850es-life80filePD-old2026-10-22
es-1851-2-realesSpain1851es-life80filePD-scan|PD-old-auto-expired2026-10-22
es-1851-2-reales-blueSpain1851es-life80fileCc-zero2026-10-22
ro-1872-carolPrincipality of Romania1872life70filePD-old-100, PD-RO-exempt2026-10-22
rs-1904-karadjordjeKingdom of Serbia1904life70filePD-old2026-10-22
ch-1850-orts-postSwitzerland1850life70filePD-old2026-10-22
ch-1850-rayon-iSwitzerland1850life70filePD-old2026-10-22
ch-1850-rayon-iiSwitzerland1850life70filePD-old2026-10-22
ch-1851-rayon-iSwitzerland1851life70filePD-old-1002026-10-22
ch-1852-rayon-iiiSwitzerland1852life70filePD-old2026-10-22
is-1873-2-skillingIceland (under the Danish crown)1873life70fileIcelandic stamp2026-10-22
is-1876-10-aurarIceland (under the Danish crown)1876life70fileIcelandic stamp, PD-old2026-10-22
is-1882-20-aurarIceland (under the Danish crown)1882life70fileIcelandic stamp2026-10-22
is-1876-40-aurarIceland (under the Danish crown)1876life70fileIcelandic stamp2026-10-22
mx-1856-hidalgo-halfMexico1856mx-official-100filePD-Mexico2026-10-22
mx-1856-hidalgo-1Mexico1856mx-official-100filePD-Mexico2026-10-22
mx-1856-hidalgo-2Mexico1856mx-official-100filePD-Mexico2026-10-22
mx-1856-hidalgo-4Mexico1856mx-official-100filePD-Mexico2026-10-22
mx-1856-hidalgo-8Mexico1856mx-official-100filePD-Mexico2026-10-22
br-1900-centenary-100Brazil (United States of Brazil)1900br-gov-historicfilePD-BrazilGov2026-10-22
br-1900-centenary-200Brazil (United States of Brazil)1900br-gov-historicfilePD-BrazilGov2026-10-22
br-1900-centenary-500Brazil (United States of Brazil)1900br-gov-historicfilePD-BrazilGov2026-10-22
br-1900-centenary-700Brazil (United States of Brazil)1900br-gov-historicfilePD-BrazilGov2026-10-22
br-1922-ypirangaBrazil (United States of Brazil)1922br-gov-historicfilePD-US2026-10-22
hi-1853-kamehameha-iiiKingdom of Hawaii1853hi-us-pre1931filePD-old2026-10-22
hi-1866-kamehameha-vKingdom of Hawaii1866hi-us-pre1931filePD-old2026-10-22
hi-1871-kekuanaoaKingdom of Hawaii1871hi-us-pre1931filePD-old-1002026-10-22
hi-1883-queen-emmaKingdom of Hawaii1883hi-us-pre1931filePD-old2026-10-22
hi-1891-liliuokalaniKingdom of Hawaii1891hi-us-pre1931filePD-old2026-10-22
jp-1875-birdJapan1875jp-org-70filePD-Japan-organization, PD-19232026-10-22
jp-1879-kobanJapan1879life70filePD-Japan-organization, PD-19232026-10-22
jp-1921-postal-jubileeJapan1921jp-org-70filePD-Japan-organization, PD-19232026-10-22
jp-1921-crown-princeJapan1921jp-org-70filePD-Japan-organization, PD-19232026-10-22
th-1883-attKingdom of Siam1883life70filePD-old2026-10-22
th-1883-sioKingdom of Siam1883life70filePD-old2026-10-22
th-1883-sikKingdom of Siam1883life70filePD-old2026-10-22
th-1883-salungKingdom of Siam1883life70filePD-old2026-10-22
et-1895-lionEthiopian Empire1895life70filePD-US2026-10-22
tr-1865-1-kurushOttoman Empire1865life70filePD-old-1002026-10-22
tr-1865-20-paraOttoman Empire1865life70filePD-Ottoman2026-10-22

Capitals

Capitals come from the shared Idistic countries dataset (built 2026-10-21): Wikidata (property P36 with its role qualifiers, CC0) cross-checked against Natural Earth v5.1.2 populated places (public domain), with a documented table for split and moved capitals. Coordinates are Wikidata’s, or Natural Earth’s when Wikidata has none. Capitals come from the shared countries dataset (Wikidata P36 with roles, cross-checked against Natural Earth, with a documented table for split and moved capitals). A city counts as a right answer for its country when at least one of its roles is a governmental one (capital, constitutional, official, seat of government, executive, legislative, judicial, administrative, royal, proclaimed, de facto); a city whose only role is economic or historic is never a right answer and never offered as a wrong one for that country. Countries with several such cities are asked as “Which of these is a capital of …?”, only one of their capitals appears among the choices, and the answer explains every role.

Not asked: Equatorial Guinea: The sources disagree on the capital (Wikidata: Ciudad de la Paz; Natural Earth: Malabo) and no reviewed decision exists yet (shared dataset flag capitalReview). Left out of capital questions until it is reviewed. Israel: Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital and seat of government, but its status is disputed internationally (the shared dataset marks it as politically sensitive). Not asked, and never offered as a choice. Palestine: The 1988 declaration proclaims Jerusalem (East Jerusalem) as the capital; the Palestinian Authority sits in Ramallah. Politically sensitive (shared dataset note). Not asked, and never offered as a choice.

Never offered as a wrong answer: Laayoune (Natural Earth lists it as an alternative capital for Morocco; it lies in Western Sahara, a UN Non-Self-Governing Territory.); Valparaíso (Seat of Chile's National Congress (Natural Earth: alternative capital); offering it as a wrong answer would be unfair.); Baguio (Natural Earth lists it as an alternative (summer) capital of the Philippines.); Melekeok (Palau's capital Ngerulmud lies in Melekeok State; Natural Earth labels the point Melekeok.); Kyoto (Natural Earth lists it as an alternative capital of Japan.); Tel Aviv (Part of the Israel capital question, which is not asked.).

Tricky choices in hard packs. Hard rounds only. “larger”: a city of the same country with at least 1.5 times the capital's population in the shared cities dataset (Wikidata P1082; years differ, so the answer says which year each figure is from). “former”: the shared dataset's own capital note calls it the former capital. Delhi is deliberately not a trap for India: New Delhi lies inside it. The cities: Sydney (Australia, bigger city), Melbourne (Australia, bigger city), Rio de Janeiro (Brazil, bigger city), São Paulo (Brazil, bigger city), Toronto (Canada, bigger city), Montreal (Canada, bigger city), Guayaquil (Ecuador, bigger city), Mumbai (India, bigger city), Almaty (Kazakhstan, bigger city), Casablanca (Morocco, bigger city), Yangon (Myanmar, former capital), Auckland (New Zealand, bigger city), Lagos (Nigeria, bigger city), Karachi (Pakistan, bigger city), Johannesburg (South Africa, bigger city), Zurich (Switzerland, bigger city), Geneva (Switzerland, bigger city), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania, former capital), Istanbul (Türkiye, bigger city), Dubai (United Arab Emirates, bigger city), New York City (United States, bigger city), Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam, bigger city).

Sound-alikes (offered side by side on purpose): Vienna / Vientiane; Manama / Managua / Manila; Bangui / Banjul / Bangkok; Santiago / Santo Domingo / San José / San Salvador / San Marino; Kingston / Kingstown; Port Louis / Port Moresby / Port of Spain / Port Vila / Port-au-Prince / Porto-Novo; Dakar / Dhaka; Asmara / Astana / Ankara; Bissau / Nassau; Majuro / Maputo; Monrovia / Montevideo; Bern / Berlin; Budapest / Bucharest; Riga / Riyadh. Countries: Austria / Australia; Slovakia / Slovenia; Niger / Nigeria; Guinea / Guinea-Bissau / Papua New Guinea; Republic of the Congo / DR Congo; Dominica / Dominican Republic; Iran / Iraq; Mali / Malawi; Gambia / Zambia; Mauritania / Mauritius; Sudan / South Sudan; Iceland / Ireland; North Korea / South Korea; Latvia / Lithuania / Estonia; Sweden / Switzerland; Saint Kitts and Nevis / Saint Lucia / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Libya / Liberia; Paraguay / Uruguay; Brunei / Burundi.

The line after each answer only uses facts from the data: the dataset’s own capital note, where the capital lies within the country’s outline, the nearest other capital (straight-line distance from the coordinates) and, for a bigger city among the choices, both cities’ populations from Wikidata with their years. Checked 2026-10-21 by Claude (AI build agent); no human editorial review recorded yet.

Outlines and maps

Outlines are the silhouettes of the shared country-shapes dataset: Natural Earth v5.1.2 admin-0 countries (1:50m, or 1:10m for small and island countries and where borders differ), each drawn in its own equal-area projection with the longest side the same length, simplified to under 4 KB. The quiz copy of each outline is byte-identical to the shared file. Outlines are the silhouettes of the shared country-shapes dataset (Natural Earth, local equal-area projection, longest side the same for every country, so sizes are not to scale). Shapes graded “poor” are left out. Shapes graded “fair” (scattered archipelagos, or a silhouette that shows under half of the land) and countries with under 1,000 km² of mapped land form the hard tier: they only appear in hard packs. Everything else can appear in any pack and in mixed rounds.

Left out: Maldives: Graded poor in the shared dataset: an atoll chain whose largest island spans 2% of the frame. No recognisable silhouette exists at any scale. Tuvalu: Graded poor in the shared dataset: an atoll chain whose largest island spans 2% of the frame. No recognisable silhouette exists at any scale. Hard packs only: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Kiribati, Liechtenstein, Malta, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Seychelles, Singapore, Tonga, Vanuatu, Vatican City.

Borders. Borders follow Natural Earth v5.1.2, Netherlands point-of-view edition (Crimea in Ukraine, Somaliland in Somalia, all of Cyprus in Cyprus, the Golan Heights not in Israel), except Morocco, which is drawn from the default edition without Western Sahara (a UN Non-Self-Governing Territory). Same policy as shared/datasets/country-shapes/README.md. This is a mapping choice for a learning game, not a political position. The locator maps after each answer are drawn by Atlas Play from the Natural Earth 1:10m admin-0 files (sha256 9a8327cdff48…, verified against the shared datasets’ lock file); they also show territories that are not in the quiz, without names. Neighbours are countries that share a border in that data near the outline.

Flag-colour hint. The optional hint shows the main colours of the country’s flag in Atlas Play (from the flag-icons artwork, measured by tools/flag-colours.mjs). It counts as help: a right answer after the hint is not a first-try success. Afghanistan, Honduras and South Sudan have no flag in Atlas Play yet, so they have no hint.

Packs. Packs are teaching groups. Regional packs follow the UN M49 regions (UN Statistics Division), grouped into eleven areas; each country is in exactly one of them. Difficulty packs reuse Atlas Play’s three familiarity tiers (the 60 starter countries, then well-known, then the rest). They are not official classifications.

Data sources and licences

  • Made with Natural Earth (public domain), v5.1.2: country outlines and locator maps. Terms of use.
  • Capitals, capital coordinates and city populations: Wikidata (CC0). Licensing.
  • Population and area: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (CC BY 4.0). The underlying sources are the UN Population Division, national statistical offices and FAO. Terms of use. The Holy See has no World Bank figure; its population (882, 2024) is from Wikidata.
  • Regions: UN Statistics Division, M49 standard. M49 overview.

Imported into Atlas Play on 2026-10-21 by tools/import-geo.mjs; every copied and generated file is checksummed in content/geo/provenance.json and checked before each build.

Font

Bricolage Grotesque, © The Bricolage Grotesque Project Authors, under the SIL Open Font License 1.1, served from this site.

Everything else

The brand mark, stamp design, notes and all other text are original to Atlas Play. Corrections are welcome at support@twindle.nl; a changed flag gets a new revision while old saved rounds keep their original picture.